National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day MARCH 2017
Facts
and Figures: HIV and AIDS
Prevalence
and New Infections
Globally, in 2015 there were an estimated 17.8
million women living with HIV (15 and older), constituting 51 per cent of all
adults living with HIV .
Young
women and adolescent girls aged 15-24 are particularly affected.
·
Globally, in 2015 there were an estimated 2.3 million adolescent girls
and young women living with HIV that constitute 60 per cent of all young people
living with HIV.
· In 2015, of the total estimated 1.9 million
new HIV infections globally, 900,000 or 47 per cent were among women.
· 58 per cent of new HIV infections among
young persons aged 15-24 in 2015 occurred among adolescent girls and young
women .
· There
are significant regional differences in both the new HIV infections among women
and in the proportion of women living with HIV (15 and older) as opposed to
men, and the gaps are even more notable among young women (aged 15-24) versus
young men:
o In
sub-Saharan Africa, women comprised 56 per cent of new infections among adults
(15 and older); and the proportion was higher among young women aged 15-24, who
made up 66 per cent of new infections among young people.
o In the Caribbean, women represented 35 per
cent of newly infected adults; while young women aged 15-24 made up 46 per cent
of new infections.
o In
Eastern Europe and Central Asia, women accounted for 31 per cent of new HIV
infections; however, among young women aged 15-24, the numbers reached 46 per
cent of new infections.
o In
the Middle East and North Africa, women comprised 38 per cent of newly infected
adults; whereas young women aged 15-24 made up 48 per cent of new infections.
o In
Latin America, women represented 29 per cent of those newly infected; while
young women aged 15-24 made up 36 per cent of new infections.
o In
Asia-Pacific, women accounted for 32 per cent of new infections; as the numbers
reached 41 per cent among young women aged 15-24.
o In
Western and Central Europe and North America, women comprise 22 per cent of new
infections; while the numbers were higher for young women aged 15-24, with 29
per cent of new infections. [5]
·
Specific groups of women are disproportionately affected by HIV. An
analysis of studies measuring the pooled prevalence of HIV in 50 countries
estimated that, globally, female sex workers are approximately 14 times more
likely to be infected than other women of reproductive age .
· Based
on data reported by 30 countries, the pooled HIV prevalence among women who
inject drugs was 13 per cent compared with 9 per cent among men who inject
drugs.
Since
the start of the global HIV epidemic, in many regions, women have remained at a
much higher risk of HIV infection than men. Young women and adolescent girls in
particular, account for a disproportionate number of new HIV infections among
young people living with HIV.
In
2013, there were an estimated 380,000 new HIV infections among young women aged
15 to 24 every year, accounting for 60% of all new HIV infections among young
people. 80% of all young women living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa.
Moreover,
HIV remains the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age, yet
access to HIV testing and treatment remains low.
Why
are women particularly at risk of HIV
Gender
inequality and intimate partner violence
Gender
inequality and intimate partner violence (IPV) prevents many women,
particularly young women, from protecting themselves against HIV.3
A
number of studies show that intimate partner violence (IPV) increases the risk
of HIV infection as well as unwanted pregnancy. For example, a study from South
Africa found that young women who experienced IPV were 50% more likely to
acquire HIV than those who did not experience violence.4
Societal
norms regarding IPV also increase a woman’s risk of HIV. A study from Tanzania
showed that while women are expected to be loyal to their partner even if they
are in an abusive relationship, men are encouraged to engage in unprotected
extramarital sex.
Another
study of over 20,000 couples in India found that abusive husbands were more
likely to be infected with HIV than non-abusive husbands.6 In 2012, 37% of
women living with HIV worldwide were thought to have been physically
assaulted.7
Disproportionately
high levels of HIV infection are found among young women in relationships with
older men. Relationships with large age differences are commonplace in
sub-Saharan Africa and are often associated with unsafe sexual behaviour and
low condom use due to unequal power in the relationship.8
Lack
of access to healthcare services
In
some countries, women face significant barriers to accessing healthcare
services. A lack of access to comprehensive HIV and sexual and reproductive
health (SRH) services means that women are less able to look after their sexual
health and reduce their risk of HIV infection.
In
many settings, access to youth-friendly SRH and HIV services is inadequate, and
where they do exist, is primarily for married women with children. In Kenya,
Rwanda and Senegal, over 70% of unmarried sexually active girls aged 15 to 19
have not had their contraception needs met due to age restrictions.
Moreover,
healthcare providers often lack the training and skills to deliver
youth-friendly services and do not fully understand laws around the age of
consent and abortion legislation. This can lead to women choosing to have an
abortion because they are misinformed about their options and how to protect
their health as well as their child’s.
Even
where women are able to access HIV and SRH services, stigma and discrimination
create additional barriers. Judgemental attitudes of healthcare professionals
around youth sexuality can result in the denial of healthcare services, while
others are coerced into using them.
Lack
of access to education
There
is a wealth of evidence that shows how increasing women’s educational
achievement is linked to better HIV and SRH outcomes.
When
girls attend school, the likelihood that they get married or pregnant when
young decreases. However, in sub-Saharan
Africa, 80% of young women have not completed secondary education and a third
cannot read.
One
study of 32 countries found that women who had some level of secondary
education were five times more likely than non-literate women to have knowledge
of HIV. Moreover, non-literate women were four times more likely to believe
that HIV could not be prevented.
As
many girls drop out of school, their male peers are more likely to access
comprehensive sex education. SRH education builds awareness of HIV and how to
negotiate relationships, so it is crucial that access to education is scaled up
for women.
However,
many women who do remain in school do not receive adequate HIV and sex
education. In sub-Saharan Africa, only
28% of young women reportedly know how to protect themselves from HIV. In many
places, schools are not guaranteed safe learning environments for young women.
One study from South Africa found that 30% of young female rape survivors were
assaulted in or near their school.
Lack
of recognition under the law and legal restrictions
In
2014, nine countries reported laws that create obstacles stopping women and
girls from accessing HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services.
Mandatory
parental consent has been shown to deter young women from accessing vital HIV
and SRH services due to fear of disclosure or violence. The proportion of
women, who have experienced physical or sexual violence and then seek help,
ranges from just 18% in Azerbaijan to 52% in Colombia.
In
many places, discriminatory social and cultural norms are translated into laws
which repress the autonomy of young women. For example, many become pregnant
within child marriage. In 146 countries, laws allow girls under 18 to marry
with the consent of their parents, while in 52 countries, the same applies to
girls under 15.
Age-restrictive
laws, such as those that ban contraception under a certain age, also act as
barriers to healthcare for young women. As a result, young women face a much
higher risk of HIV infection than women in the general population.
Women
belonging to other key affected populations are also negatively affected by
laws that criminalise injecting drug use, sex work and homosexuality.
For
example, in many countries healthcare services for female sex workers are not
available to those who are under the age of 18. Limited access to these
services for women who inject drugs is well documented
HIV
testing and counselling (HTC) for women
A
major gap in HIV service provision for women can be found in HIV testing and
counselling (HTC), with HTC a vital gateway to treatment services.
In
many parts of the world, access to HIV testing is particularly low among young
women. Only 15% of women aged 15 to 24 in sub-Saharan Africa were aware of
their HIV status in 2013.
By
comparison, access to HTC for pregnant women is rising but remains too low. In
2013, 44% of pregnant women living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries
received HTC, up from 26% in 2009.
Community
and home-based testing have been put forward as an effective way of reducing
the social and economic costs of going to a facility to test. It is also
important that pregnant women who test negative have the opportunity to retest
to identify seroconversion (the development of antibodies to HIV) during
pregnancy or breastfeeding. Moreover, all testing and counselling should be
provided confidentially and voluntarily.
HIV
prevention programmes for women
The
WHO promotes a number of approaches to help reduce women’s vulnerability to
HIV. A few of these are discussed below.
Cash
transfers
Cash
transfers are social protection programmes often targeted at women in a household
to reduce poverty, build human capital (for example, sending girls to school)
and enhance food security.
In
terms of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV, addressing poverty has been
shown to reduce sexual risk behaviour, particularly among young women in low
and middle-income countries.
School-based
interventions aim to promote equitable gender norms before other norms are
fully ingrained in the lives of adolescents. Increasingly, school-based
curricula are being implemented to address IPV and prevent HIV.
A
2011 systematic review of engaging men and boys through school education
recorded reductions in sexual violence and other forms of violence in seven out
of nine studies. Of the 47 studies that examined attitudes towards
acceptability of violence, ten showed significant improvements in attitudes and
less tolerance of violence against women.
Another
study covering comprehensive sex education showed that in Ethiopia, where
sexuality education is a compulsory part of human studies and has strong links
to youth-friendly services, 4,300 unintended pregnancies, 7,200 STIs and 2,000
HIV infections among adolescents aged 15 to 19 were averted between 2001 and
2009.
Addressing
violence in HIV risk-reduction counselling
Risk-reduction
education and counselling includes specific messages about equitable
decision-making with partners; violence against women and its links to HIV;
supporting women to negotiate safer sex in unequal power relationships and
provides referrals to support services.
All
three interventions showed reductions in unprotected sex or risk-associated
behavior. The interventions in Miami and Atlanta also showed reductions sexual
abuse. Trials with female sex workers in Mongolia and South Africa and married
women in India have also reported less exposure to violence.
For
further information WHO and UN websites HIV and ADIS 2017, National AIDS Agency
Gambia, email to azadehhassanmd10@gmail.com, send text only to
002207774469/3774469 from 3pm to 6 pm during the week’s days.
Author
DR AZADEH Senior Lecturer at the University of the Gambia, Senior Consultant in
Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Clinical Director at Medicare Health Services.
