PURIFICATION: Actions for which ghusl is preferred

This category of actions involves a reward for performing ghusl, and no blame if he does not. Such actions are:

Before the Friday prayer

Muslims are encouraged to perform ghusl before they gather for the Friday prayer. In fact, Islamic law even goes to the extent of ordering one to perform ghusl at this time as part of the overall cleanliness and hygiene of the Muslim society. Abu Sa’eed reported that the Prophet said,”Ghusl on Friday is obligatory (wajib) on every adult, as is using a toothbrush and applying some perfume.” (Related by alBukhari and Muslim.)

The meaning of “obligatory” here is that it is greatly recommended. This understanding of the Prophet’s saying is derived from what al-Bukhari recorded about an incident from Ibn ‘Umar about his father. One day, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab was standing and delivering the khutbah when ‘Uthman, one of the people from among the emigrants and helpers, entered. ‘Umar said to him, “What time is it now?” He said, “I was busy and could not return home. When I heard the call to prayer, I did not make more than the regular ablution.” ‘Umar said, “And the ablution only, when you know that the Messenger of Allah ordered us to perform ghusl?” Commenting on the incident, says ash-Shaf’i, “‘Uthman did not leave the prayer to perform ghusl, nor did ‘Umar order him to do so. This illustrates that the companions knew that this order was one of choice. It also shows that it is preferred.”

Muslim recorded that Abu Hurairah reported the Prophet saying, “Whoever makes the ablution and perfects it and then goes to the Friday prayer and listens attentively, will have forgiveness during (the period) between the Friday and the next (Friday), and an additional three days.” Says al-Qurtubi, “This hadith shows that ghusl is preferred. The mention of ablution, the reward and acceptability points to the fact that ablution alone is sufficient.’’ Ibn Hajr states in at-Talkhis, “It is one of the strongest proofs that ghusl for the Friday prayer is not obligatory.

The statement that it is preferred is built upon the fact that if one does not perform ghusl, it will not harm (his prayer). But, if others are harmed by his perspiration or bad smell from his clothes and body, ghusl becomes obligatory, and not performing it detracts from the rewards of salah. Some scholars say that the Friday ghusl is a duty even if its nonperformance causes no harm (to others).

Their basis for this opinion is the hadith related by Abu Hurairah in which the Prophet, upon whom be peace, said, “It is a duty upon every Muslim to perform ghusl once every seven days, by washing his head and body.” Al-Bukhari and Muslim accept the hadith mentioned on the subject in their apparent meanings, and refute the ones contrary to the last hadith (of Abu Hurairah).

The time for the Friday ghusl is between dawn and the time of the Friday prayer. It is preferable to do it at the time of departure (to the mosque). If one loses his ablution after that, it is sufficient for him just to make a new ablution (he does not have to repeat the ghusl).

Says al-Athram, “I heard Ahmad being asked if a person performed ghusl, and then lost it, would the regular ablution be sufficient for him. He said, ‘Yes, and I have not heard anything about that preferable to the hadith of Ibn ‘Abzi,” Ahmad is referring to the hadith related by Ibn ‘Abzi Shaibah (with a sahih chain from ‘Abdurahman ibn ‘Abzi on the authority of his father, who was a companion.) He performed ghusl for the Friday prayer, and afterwards nullified his ablution. After that, he performed just the regular ablution, and did not repeat his ghusl. The time for the ghusl ends with the time of the prayer.

If one performs ghusl after the prayer, it would not be the ghusl of the Friday prayer, and one who does so is not following the Prophet’s order. Ibn ‘Umar reported that the Prophet said, “Before you come to the Friday prayer, you should perform ghusl. (Related by “the group.”) Muslim says, “When one of you wants to come to the Friday prayer, he should perform ghusl.” Ibn ‘Abdul-Barr related that there is a consensus on this point.

Performing ghusl for the ‘Id prayers

Scholars also encourage Muslims to perform ghusl for the ‘id prayers, even though there is no authentic hadith to support this opinion. It says in al-Badr alMuneer, “The hadith concerning performing ghusl for the ‘ids are weak. But there do exist good reports from the companions (on this point) . “

Ghusl for washing a corpse

According to many scholars, performing ghusl is also preferred for one who has washed a corpse. Abu Hurariah reported that the Prophet, upon whom be peace, said, “Whoever has washed a corpse must perform ghusl, and whoever carried him must perform ablution.” (Related by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, atTirmizhi, an-Nasa’i, Ibn Majah and others.) However, there is some criticism of this hadith. ‘Ali ibn alMadani, Ahmad, Ibn al-Munzhir, ar-Rafi’ and others say, “The hadith scholars did not classify anything on this topic as authentic.” But Ibn Hajr quotes at-Tirmizhi and Ibn Hibban: “At-Tirmizhi called it hassan and Ibn Hibban called it sahih. And, due to its numerous chains, it is most likely hassan. An-Nawawi strongly refutes what at-Tirmizhi said.” Says azh-Zhahabi, “The chains of this hadith are stronger than a number of chains of the hadith that the jurists argue by.” The order in the hadith implies preference, based on what has been related by ‘Umar, who said, “We used to wash the dead. Some of us would perform ghusl and some would not.” (Related by al-Khateeb with a sahih chain.) When ‘Asma bint Umaish washed the body of her deceased husband, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, she asked if there were any among the emigrants present, and said, “This day is extremely cold and I am fasting. Do I have to make ghusl?” They said, “No.” (Related by Malik.) 

Making Ghusl for Hajj

According to the scholars, it is also preferable for one who is undertaking the pilgrimage or ‘umrah to perform ghusl. Zaid ibn Thabit related that he saw the Messenger of Allah, when he intended to perform the hajj, perform ghusl. (Related by ad-Daraqutni, al-Baihaqi and at-Tirmizhi, who called it hassan. AsUsaili regarded it as weak.) 

a: Making Ghusl upon entering Makkah

It is preferable for whoever wants to enter Makkah to perform gh usl. It is reported that Ibn ‘Umar, when going to Makkah, would spend the night in Tawa, and would enter Makkah during the day. He mentioned that the Prophet, upon whom be peace, also used to do this. (Related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.) Ibn al-Munzhir said, “All of the scholars say it is preferred to perform ghusl upon entering Makkah, but if one does not do so, there is no expiation for him to make. Most of them say that the regular ablution is sufficient.

b: Making Ghusl at Mount ‘Arafah

Such an act is preferred while one stops there during the hajj. Malik ibn Nafa’ reported that Ibn ‘Umar used to do so before embarking upon the hajj, upon entering Makkah, and while stopping at ‘Arafah.

c: The intention

This involves distinguishing the acts of worship from the customary acts. The intention is only in the heart, and should not be stated, as this would be tantamount to innovation.

To be continued