Renewable energy is often seen as a magic bullet to solve Africa’s energy needs. Calls to meet up with greenhouse gas reduction targets and other policies have ramped up investment in these resources. However, despite the clear energy deficit, there is a dilemma. Africa is responsible for only 4% of global GHG emissions and is in dire need of industrialisation.
These targets appear to be conflicting. The financial deficit is huge, and relying only on renewable energy to foster development appears not very pragmatic, especially in African countries whose economies depend on fossil fuels.
Africa has the potential to leapfrog traditional fossil fuel development and become a global leader in clean energy. The continent is blessed with abundant solar, wind, hydro and geothermal resources. Yet, only a small fraction of this potential has been harnessed; for instance, Africa has 60% of the best solar resources globally, but only 1% of installed solar PV capacity. The continent’s geothermal resources also remain largely dormant outside of pioneering projects in Kenya.
Idealists argue that this underutilization is not just an environmental oversight but a missed economic revolution. Renewables are increasingly cost-competitive but also modular and scalable, making them uniquely suited to Africa’s geography and settlement patterns. Decentralised solutions like off-grid solar have already proven their utility, electrifying communities far from the reach of traditional grids.
Idealists also see renewables as a shield against external shocks. Africa’s dependence on imported fossil fuels exposes economies to volatile global prices; renewables, by contrast, offer energy sovereignty and price stability. In a world where Africa is responsible for less than 4% of global GHG emissions, a leapfrog to clean energy is also a powerful statement of climate justice and leadership.
What is also often overlooked is that renewables can also drive industrialisation, not just rural electrification. With strategic investment, Africa could become a global exporter of green hydrogen, batteries and other clean technologies, leveraging its resource wealth for value-added manufacturing rather than raw exports. In this vision, the energy transition is not just about decarbonization, but about building a modern, resilient and inclusive African economy.
The pragmatist perspective acknowledges Africa’s renewable bounty but insists that the path to a sustainable energy future must be grounded in the continent’s complex realities. Legacy infrastructure, fiscal constraints and the urgent need for industrialisation and poverty reduction shape Africa’s energy systems. Today, fossil fuels still account for over 80% of Africa’s primary energy supply, and many economies remain heavily dependent on oil and gas revenues for government budgets and foreign exchange. Industrial growth demands reliable, dispatchable power—something renewables alone cannot yet guarantee due to intermittency and storage limitations. The intermittency challenge is substantial: solar power generation ceases at night and diminishes during cloudy weather, while wind generation fluctuates based on weather patterns.
A Guest Editorial